Phytochemical Profiling of Opa eyin, a Traditional Nigerian Herbal Preparation, by GC–MS and Its Potential Pharmacological Implications

Abstract

This study investigated the phytochemical composition of Opa eyin, a traditional herbal remedy commonly used in southwestern Nigeria for the management of erectile dysfunction and back pain. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed 115 distinct peaks corresponding to a diverse array of bioactive compounds. Among these, twenty major phytoconstituents were identified, with methyl gallate [benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-, methyl ester] as the predominant component at relative abundances of 17.93% and 11.50%. Other abundant compounds included 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.18%), 1,2,3-benzenetriol (7.71%), and azelaic acid (6.57%), while moderate levels of methyl stearate (2.45%), oleic acid (2.53%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (2.25%), and terephthalic acid (1.77%) were also detected. The phytochemical profile indicates enrichment in phenolic and fatty acid derivatives, classes of compounds recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. These findings suggest that the ethnomedicinal use of Opa eyin may be attributed to the synergistic actions of its phenolic antioxidants and fatty acids, which could support endothelial function, reduce oxidative stress, and alleviate inflammation. The results provide preliminary scientific evidence supporting its traditional applications; however, further in vivo studies and clinical evaluations are recommended to validate its efficacy and establish its safety profile..